Writing essay introduction: 2019

Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Reflective Essay - 1380 Words

Initial Reflective Essay When I first thought of what I wanted to do with my life after college, the first thing I thought of was helping people. The next step in deciding what I wanted to do with my life was to exam how I could accomplish this goal. I started pondering and I was thinking about how much I love to take care of my body. Health care and personal hygiene has always been an important factor in my life. So I decided to major in Health Science. With this major, I will be able to further my education in ways to be healthy and possibly learn how to help others. I decided that being a health physician or nutritionist was something that I was really interested in. This is where communication studies came in. I figuredÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The fourth and final focus is meaning and is considered the heart of communication. The great thing about meaning is that we create it. With such a broad definition, it is easy to see how communication can directly relate to professional opportunitie s and have a huge impact on that area of your life. Communication is essential in certain fields where talking and listening are central. I noticed that the book said that many attorneys, counselors, business people, and teachers have majored or minored, which is what I am doing, in communication before moving on to specified fields of study. I found this to be very interesting. I feel that the counseling job is most comparable to what I want to do, and I feel that this degree will definitely help me in that area of profession. It is very important that people understand that success in most professions is directly correlated to having top-notch communication skills. I decided to take communications 101 and found out real quick that there was a lot more to speech communications than I had realized. I learned many things in my first class and I am excited to take some more classes in this department. I feel that taking interviewing through the communication department is one class that can really help me in my future career, as I will most likely be interviewing for jobs and also interviewing other people and asking them questions about their health, so as I canShow MoreRelatedReflective Essay : Reflective Self Essay1406 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pages Reflective Self-Analysis Essay My first semester as an exchange student, I decided to take a composition 1 class to improve my English skills. Before I came to America, I thought I was advanced in English and I was so confident to speak it. I wasnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t afraid to take this class because of my confidence to get good grades, although I never had written any essays in English ever in my life. On the first day of class, my confidence was crumbled and I could feel that my English skills were weak when IRead MoreReflective Letter : Reflective Essay807 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pages Review essay reflective letter The research essay is one of the hardest essays I have to write this semester, the difficult part is to generate ideas and factual information to support our ideas. Over the pass week we have been working on the review essay as a team together and I got to say the essay are much harder than I thought it would be. We able to pick our own subject and write about it. The main goal is to inform the reader to take a look further at the subject using non-bias, scholarlyRead MoreReflective Essay1530 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesReflective Practice Reid (1994) Gibbs Reflective Cycle What happened? (description) What would you do if it happened again? (action plan) What were you thinking/feeling? (feeling) What alternatives did you have? (conclusion) How can you make sense of what happened? (analysis) What was good/bad about the experience? (evaluation) Reflectivity The circular process by which our thoughts affect our actions, which affect the situation we are dealing with and therefore after feedback through the reactionsRead MoreReflective Essay767 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesHow to write a reflective essay by Shadi Farid A reflective essay is essentially an essay designed to emulate past experiences or occurrences in writing form. Most reflective essays are to show the reader changes and evolutions of yourself or certain aspects about yourself, so there is a constant change of tenses during the essay between past and present. During this essay I will be describing the most important parts of writing a reflective essay and all the key elements that should be includedRead MoreReflective Essay1409 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesmy essays were about summarizing a chapter from a book or writing a short story. There was no set length it had to be and there were not any specifics to focus on such as to focus on a strong introduction or to focus on being organized when writing. The essays that I wrote in high school were just for a quick grade or to help out our grade. I did not really have that much experience in writing essays. In the past semester I have grown more as a writer than I have in the past years. My ess ays haveRead MoreReflective Essay2215 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesReflective Essay This essay aims to critically review my strengths and weaknesses as a self-regulated learner, in relation to key skills which demonstrate my ability to use reflective practice. Also, the essay will identify and implement the learning skills required to complete the modules in Year 2 of the programme. It will produce and make use of individual learning plans that reflect how I could improve upon my interpersonal skills and implement a personal development plan. Furthermore, a demonstrationRead MoreReflective Models Used by Nurses Essay891 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesReflective Practice Introduction: Reflection its self is looking into personal thoughts and actions. For nurses this would mean looking at how they performed a particular task taking into consideration their interaction with their colleagues and other members of staff, patients and in some cases relatives This then enables the nurse to assess their actions and thought processes. There are various frameworks of reflection that one could choose and the examples used for this workRead MoreMy Writing : The Reflective Essay Essay1666 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesThe Reflective Essay Writing has been one of my favorite hobbies since I was in high school, so I used to spend many hours to writing in my daily journals in Vietnamese. However, when I came to America, I felt more difficult to write and express my thoughts in English because I did not know much vocabularies and lacking grammatical knowledge. Then, I decided to go back to school to improve my writing skills because I recognize the significance of writing in my everyday lives. As a college studentRead MoreReflective Essay Writing708 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 PagesImagine writing a ten-page essay on something you feel very strongly about, then being told you have to reduce the size of your essay to only two pages. While this may seem like an easy task, I have learned from experience that while writing is difficult, taking away from my writing is much more complicated. I have spent hours writing, my brain is tired, but I read my completed project, and am proud of what I have accomplished. Then, out of nowhere, I rea lize that I am only allowed two pages outRead MoreReflective Essay : Writing Skills945 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesReflective Essay This fall semester in ESL 91has been pretty interesting, and so far successful. The main object of this semester was to improve our essay writing. We were taught various lab techniques that helped us to improve our English writing skills, such as using appropriate verb tense and how to write a research paper with a works cited. Through my work on the research paper I have learned how to write in an academic style, how to find appropriate sources from an academic database, and how

Reflective Essay - 1380 Words

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Argument About Good Topics for Presentation

The Argument About Good Topics for Presentation To avoid losing your audience and receiving a lower grade, you should begin with mulling over a few cool presentation suggestions to decide on an ideal topic. So even if you're presenting before a significant client or investor, don't forget to use humor in your presentation. Firstly, the way that you present is an important determinant of to what extent your presentation is appreciated by the audience more than the topic you're speaking on. If you're presenting on topics which are potentially useful to your audience, that's a great start too. What to Expect From Good Topics for Presentation? Persuasive communication applies to a variety of distinct circumstances and people. Moreover, presentations shouldn't consist of content which might be deemed inappropriate for someone. Below are a couple technology related topics and templates that you may discover useful. Websites like BrainyQuote provide various thought-provoking mate rial. Business presentations are also employed by people to communicate about a few new reformations in business strategies. You can also attempt exploring curious and controversial facets of a subject. Second, take into consideration the feasible outcomes the audience may experience. Based on the scenario, you may rather not speak about topics related to do the job. New Questions About Good Topics for Presentation No worse approach to begin your presentation late whenever your audience is all fidgety. Make your presentation a little humorous. An additional way you may introduce your presentation is with a map of the region. It can benefit from the use of just one, unifying theme throughout. The Benefits of Good Topics for Presentation It would also be rather useful to run a thorough review of all of the cases on the books at the present time. 1 method is to sit down with a collection of questions and use them as thought-starters. If you're confident about your subject, you might relish your moments in the limelight. If you're finding it tough to select the ideal subject, you may give the wri ter a list of your finest ones and leave it to them to select. You were probably conscious of the debate club in high school, and possibly you were a portion of it yourself! As a college or university student, you'll have to write several presentations in the span of acquiring your degree. In school, it is ordinarily utilised to assist you learn how to correctly choose a topic you may develop into a complete presentation, which is a significant skill to get later on. On-line education is merely as excellent as classroom learning. How to Choose Good Topics for Presentation Deciding on the right topic is the toughest task about building a presentation. It is not difficult to select the topic. To make it simpler for you they have also allow you to select your own topic. The topic ought to be simple to illustrate. What You Should Do to Find Out About Good Topics for Presentation Before You're Left Behind Visual aids are an excellent method of capturing your audience's inter est. The impacts of computer mediated communication on the working and everyday lives. In case the topic is too simplistic, their growing feeling of awareness could be stunted. Many speaking coaches advise that you do away with slides altogether. The most fascinating region of the presentation was over. See the way your audience will see you once you give your presentation. You will then have to make your presentation as visual as possible to help to find the message across. You should repeat the key ideas throughout your presentation so the critical points stick! The perfect length of a presentation ought to be 10 slides. If you are searching for a section on teambuilding, then here is a great line I have come across. Want to Know More About Good Topics for Presentation? An important consideration to take into account when you're going into a debate is the simple fact that the person on the opposing side of the table, or your audience, is going to get something to say against your position. The work week ought to be shorter. If it's a training job which you are trying for make certain that you interact with the audience. The work of business is simply business 73.

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Local Area Network Bridges Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Local Area Network Bridges Essay, Research Paper Local Area Network Bridges Both the physical distance that Local Area Network ( LAN ) can cover and the figure of hosts that can be attached to it are limited. To get the better of this restriction, Bridgess are introduced as devices which connect LANs at the MAC bed. The intent of Bridgess is to let hosts attached to different LANs to pass on as if they were located on the same LAN. In contrast to repeaters, that act at the physical bed and let all traffic to traverse LAN sections, Bridgess are more intelligent and restrict the traffic to the subdivision of the web on which it is relevant. To carry through this, bridges must do a forwarding determination with each received frame sing where to direct the frame so that it reaches its finish. There are two different span criterions: Source-Routing ( SR ) , which is common in Token Ring environment, and Transparent Spanning Tree ( TST ) , which common in Ethernet environment. The IEEE criterion for MAC Bridgess is ANSI/IEEE 802.1D: MAC Sub-layer Interconnection. Bridge Routing Requirements In general, LANs are low-priced, low-delay, high-bandwidth ( e.g. , 1-10 Mbps ) broadcast channels. A bridged LAN environment preserves the low-delay and high-bandwidth characteristic but its topology may be more dynamic than in a individual LAN due to possible span or LAN failures and hosts being moved around. Bridge routing algorithms should run into the undermentioned demands: 1 ) A Bridgess LAN environment should resemble a individual LAN environment every bit closely as possible. In other words, the extension should be crystalline to hosts. 2 ) The transparence demand extends to public presentation demands, such as low transmittal holds, low undetected informations corruptness and FIFO care. 3 ) Bridges routing algorithms should be able to accommodate rapidly to environment alterations. Beginning Routing Bridges Beginning Routing is largely used to complect nominal ring LANs. In Source-Routing, the beginning station must find, in progress, the path to the LAN of the finish station, and include this path in the heading of each frame. To find the routing information, the beginning Stationss foremost issues a hunt frame, which is general an LCC Trial bids on its ring. If a response is received from the desired finish station, it indicates that both beginning and finish Stationss are on the same ring and that no routing information is required. However, if no respond is received, the beginning station issues a path find frame, which fans-out on every ring in the LAN section. As the frame is forwarded from one ring to another, each span updates the routing information in the hunt frame. When the hunt frame reaches the finish, it contains the path between the beginning and finish station. The finish station so sends a response frame to the beginning station, with the routing information. Both stat ion so utilize the routing information in each subsequent sent to each other. Beginning Routing utilizations two cardinal parametric quantities to place a path between a beginning station and a finish station. These parametric quantities are pealing Numberss and Br idge Numberss. Each ring is assigned a alone figure. These Numberss by and large range between 1 and FFF ( jinx ) . Each span is assigned a span Numberss, runing from 0 to F ( jinx ) . The lone limitation when delegating span figure is that parallel Bridgess, linking indistinguishable rings, must hold different span Numberss. The path between the beginning and the finish Stationss consists of LAN Numberss and span Numberss. The path is obtained by each span which received the path find from adds to the bing path, its figure and the ring figure that it forwards this frame to. Crystalline Spanning Tree Bridges In Transparent Spanning Tree, the TST Bridgess create a spanning tree. Routing information is non needed to be determined by the beginning station, and all the routing is done by the Bridgess. Therefore, Stationss from different LANs connected with TST-bridges can pass on as though both Stationss are on the same LAN. By keeping a tree construction routing become really simple and dynamically keep a station reference database, referred to as a forwarding database. Each entry in the database has a station, age, and port identifier. The port identifier is used to place the span port on which the span should send on frames destined to the station. The forwarding database is built by detecting frame that passes though the span, and larning from them the station # 8217 ; s location. Thus a TST-bridge has two map: acquisition and forwarding. a ) Bridge Learning The beginning reference of all frame received is compare against the information in the forwarding database. If the beginning reference is non found in the forwarding database, it is added along with the port identifier it received on. The age value of this database entry is reset to bespeak that this is a # 8220 ; fresh # 8221 ; entry. If the beginning reference already exists in the forwarding database, and the database indicates that the station was last seen on a different span port, so the port identifier for the entry is alterations to the port identifier on which the frame was received, and the age value of this entry is reset. If the frame is received on the same port as the port in the database entry, so merely the age value of this entry is reset. B ) Bridge forwarding When a frame is received is on a span port, the finish reference contained in the frame heading is compared to the information contained in the forwarding database. If the finish reference is non found in the forwarding database, the frame is transmitted on all span ports, except the 1 on which it was received. If the finish reference is found in the forwarding database, and the port identifier kept along with this reference is the same as the identifier of the span port on which that frame was received, the frame is non forwarded to any span port. If the port identifiers are different, the frame is forwarded on the span port identified in the forwarding database. Mentions Interconnections: Bridges and Routers, Radia Perlman, Addison Wesley, May 1992, pg. 225-250 Local Area Networks: An Introduction to the Technology, John E. McNamara Butterworth-Heinemann, March 1997, pg. 106-122

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Titanic vs. The Great Gatsby free essay sample

Titanic and The Great Gatsby movies are both based on a touching love story. Even though the actual stories are different, the main theme remains love. The romantic plot makes watchers fall in love in the story of the movies. These movies surpass all the rivals in luxury and opulence. Titanic and The Great Gatsby are epic movies with their heartbreaking plot, distinguishable music, and unforgettable and tragic ending. Titanic One of the most romantic and at the same time disastrous movie in the history is Titanic. The movie Titanic, directed by James Cameron, is a fictional story which took place in 1912. Camerons movie is based on a love story and on the true ship, Titanic. It tells the tale of the ship that sailed across the Atlantic. This movie clearly portrays how differently the first and second-class people were treated during the time of the Titanic. The backdrop of the Titanic is real, but the main plot is fictional. We will write a custom essay sample on Titanic vs. The Great Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Titanic is a remarkable film filled with excitement and romance. The Titanic was supposedly unsinkable; yet, when it hit an iceberg, it tragically sank, destroying thousands of innocent lives. Two people, out of thousands on the ship, are the most remarkable; a poor man named Jack, who won his ticket in a card game, and a young woman raised by a wealthy aristocratic family named Rose, who came to America to get married after her father died. The story is told as a flashback by this same woman, now elderly, in the present day. The roles of these main actors are played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. The two youths fall in love in each other and secretly spend time together. Their love is stronger than death, even though the death is the reason of their separation. The tragic ending of the movie consists in losing each other because of the sinking of Titanic. Jack saves RoseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life by putting her on the wooden board, while he himself dies in the cold waters of the ocean. Just as Titanic is known for its breathtaking plot and sorrowful ending, it is also praised for its incredible sound track. The most famous song from Titanic is Ã¢â‚¬ My heart will go onÃ¢â‚¬ by Celine Dion. It is also known as the Love theme from Titanic. This song plays though the scene where Jack and Rose board the ship with their family of friends. It also plays though the scene in the water where Rose looses Jack. After watching this movie, viewers will always remember this song as the song from Titanic. When listening to this song, it gives the feeling of being underwater. Another unmistakable song from Titanic is Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hymn to the SeaÃ¢â‚¬ which was written solely for Titanic. It reminds audience of the horrific event of the sinking ship but brings tears to their eyes at the same time because itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s so magnificent. It is the music that plays during the sinking of the Titanic. The soundtrack from Titanic is amazing and breathtakingly beautiful. The movie Titanic offer people an indescribably beautiful state of mood. It grabs people and pulls them into the story like no other. It makes a person become so emotionally attached to the characters that he/she cries and feels very depressed when the tragedy separates their love from each other. This movie is beautifully crafted in every way. The Great Gatsby Alike the Titanic film, The Great Gatsby has also inspired many human souls using captivating and dramatic details. The novel directed by Baz Luhrmann took place in the Roaring Twenties and was set in New York. As in Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio plays the main role of an in love man in The Great Gatsby. He, a charming man himself, plays the rich and charming Jay Gatsby. DiCaprios strong personality and dazzling presence go hand in hand with Jay Gatsbys character. Carey Mulligan shows her sweetness and innocence through her character as Daisy Buchanan. Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan are two lovers separated by war, but their love finds each other again after five long years apart. Both Gatsbys and Daisys lives have changed dramatically over the five years they were apart. Gatsby became a very successful and rich man, while Daisy got married and had a daughter. Upon meeting his new neighbor, Nick Carraway, Gatsby learns that Nick is a cousin of Daisys. Together they create a plan for Gatsby and Daisy to meet once again. After spending a day together, it is clear that the flame between Gatsby and Daisy did not vanish, but simply dimmed. Like the Titanics most important characters, Jay and Daisy secretly spend time together and offer each other the magnificent love of their souls. Another similarity from the Titanic consists of the tragic ending of the two lovers. Gatsby sacrifices his name by protecting Daisy from accusations of killing a woman. Because of all the circumstances, Daisy decides to be with her husband, and not with Gatsby. GatsbyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s heart is broken, but still waiting for her to come back. While he is swimming in his pool, the phone rings. Believing that Daisy is calling, Gatsby comes out of the water to answer the phone, but suddenly gets shot in the back by the husband of the killed woman. His death separates him from Daisy forever. In addition to the touching storyline, this movie could not be understood so well without the use of the incredible music. The most memorable song of the movie is Ã¢â‚¬Å"Young and BeautifulÃ¢â‚¬ by Lana Del Rey. The words of this song describe well the main meaning of the love story. It is about love which continues to live after years when beauty and youth does not exist anymore. The general impression of the captivating movie makes people fall in love in each character. It is an admirable movie with a stunning storyline. Even though Titanic and The Great Gatsby have a lot of differences, the directors of these two movies disclosed the classic motion pictures of aspiring love separated by tragic circumstances. Both movies are full of opulence and love. The famous actor Leonardo DiCaprio plays a significant role in each of the movies. A major contrast of the films consists of the grievous ending. Even though Jack died in the cold ocean, Rose continued to love him until the end of her life. Unlike the strong love of Titanics characters, Daisys love toward Jay has faded forever. The magnificent music that plays in Titanic and The Great Gatsby helps viewers experience more inspiring feelings. These movies ignited many emotions and attractions on the audience.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

What is the true study of modern human emotion, th Essays

What is the true study of modern human emotion, th Essays What is the true study of modern human emotion, thought, and behavior, psychology or philosophy? This question's answer does not come easily to its solicitor; in fact, the two seemingly different subjects have a distinct and discernible relationship to one another. "Some things are up to us and some are not up to us. Our opinions are up to us, our impulses, desires, aversions, in-short whatever is our doing. Our bodies are not up to us, nor our possessions, our reputations, or our public offices, or that is, whatever is not of our own doing (Epictetus 1)." This citation, from a philosopher who lived around 100 B.C., illustrates the relationship between psychology and philosophy. When one examines the language housed within the passage he will understand, in order to lead a blissful life, one must have power over his reaction to an event and not let the event have power over his reaction. This effortless Stoic belief has lead to the development of a modern psychological therapy known as Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy. This therapy uses a logical approach in order to solve problems with the human psyche.If one were to scrutinize the word "Psychological," he will notice the word "Psycho" which is related to the word "Psyche," which, in turn, means the human mind and its perception of consciousness. Upon further study of the word "Psychological," the person in question will notice the latter part of the word is "Logical" which deals with the processing and the capability of rational human thought; therefore, one can inf er that a psychological therapy must deal with the subjects awareness of his situation and his ability to rationalize his thoughts of such events. Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy executes this conjecture to the letter. REBT is a reflexive approach to psychology that is gaining popularity. Today, REBT uses can be seen in everything from: combating unhealthy emotional outbursts, solving chemical dependencies, and improving a person's overall mental self-image. Foremost, one must understand Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy in order to apply REBT to the above-mentioned modes of use. REBT is a therapy residing in a subdivision of psychological therapies known as Cognitive therapy, or an assumption based therapy relying on the premise that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking ( Hockenbury and Hockenbury 523). Gerald Metalsky Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology at Wisconsin's Lawrence University, explains cognitive therapy to be the process of "Identifying deprossogenic thoughts, evaluating these thoughts, and challenging the cognition of these thoughts in order to reduce future depressions ( Metalsky 23)." In other words, perception of life's events dictates emotion; however, perception is not always reality, cognitive distortions within one's mind are the actual culprit. Dr. Metalsky continues to explain with a model he uses to clarify the therapy to new patients. "We ta ke the ABC approach, which "A" is the antecedent event, "B" Is the belief one has regarding what has just transpired, and "C" is the consequence of the belief ( Metalsky 23)." This model shows the basic structure of all Cognitive therapies. For example, when a student fails an exam and the student concludes that he or she must be stupid. This is a classic example of an external event, interpreted incorrectly, creating a cognitive distortion in the mind of that individual. By understanding the outlining concept of Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy, known as Cognitive Therapy, one is now ready to move on to the subject of REBT itself. What is REBT? Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy, or commonly known as REBT, is a practical, action-oriented approach to coping with problems, and enhancing personal growth. The premise for Rational-Emotive-Behavior-Therapy is that a person's difficulties are the result of his or her faulty expectations and irrational beliefs (REBT facts 2). In order to restore emotional heath to the life of the individual one must utilize REBT. The therapy itself does not eliminate emotion; in fact, it emphasizes emotional involvement in every aspect of our thinking and our actions ( Metalsky 24). The therapy requires the patient to look at his situation and evaluate the emotion this situation evokes. When human emotion becomes too intense, as it often does, the person this emotion belongs to becomes unhappy. The quality of hi s or her life begins to deteriorate. It is at these times, the logical

Friday, November 22, 2019

Laugh in Spanish With the Verbs ReÃƒÂr and ReÃƒÂrse

Laugh in Spanish With the Verbs ReÃƒ r and ReÃƒ rse Is there a difference in meaning between reÃƒ r and reÃƒ rse? Dictionaries give the same definition for both. The two verbs, which mean to laugh, mean basically the same thing. Although you will find some regional variations, reÃƒ rse is the more common of the two. Thus, while reÃƒ would be understood to mean I laughed, it would be more common to say me reÃƒ . ReÃƒ r by itself can sometimes sound poetic or old-fashioned. When ReÃƒ r or ReÃƒ rse Is Required There are at least two cases where one form is required: More commonly, when followed by de, the reflexive form reÃƒ rse usually means to make fun of or to laugh at: Me reÃƒ a de mi hermano, pero ahora somos amigos. (I used to make fun of my brother, but now were friends.)14. 3/19. Expanded, fixed error, added takeawaysSe reirn de su falta de sofisticaciÃƒ ³n computarizada. (They will laugh at your lack of computer sophistication.)Me quiero reÃƒ r de mÃƒ mismo. (I want to laugh at myself.) If you are talking aboutÃ‚ what makes a person laugh, the reflexive form isnt used. Hacer is typically used as the verb for to make: Me hace reÃƒ r cuando estoy triste. (She makes me laugh when Im sad.)Austin Powers no me hizo reÃƒ r ms de una vez. (Austin powers didnt make me laugh more than once.)Ayer me hiciste daÃƒ ±o y hoy me vas a hacer reÃƒ r. (Yesterday you hurt me and today youre going to make me laugh.) Theres no logical reason why reÃƒ rse de is used to mean to laugh at rather than reÃƒ rse a or even reÃƒ rse en. Thats just the way it is. This is one of those cases where you should learn the preposition along with the verb. Conjugation of ReÃƒ r and ReÃƒ rse ReÃƒ r is one of the very few -ir verbs with an accent on the final syllable. It is conjugated irregularly, but only in terms of writing, not pronunciation. An written accent is needed in many forms to prevent the e of the stem and and Ãƒ of the ending from forming a diphthong. And example of the written irregularity can be seen in the indicative present forms with the irregular forms shown in boldface): yo rÃƒ o, tÃƒ º rÃƒ es, usted/Ãƒ ©l/ella rÃƒ e, nosotros/as reÃƒ mos, vosotros/as reÃƒ s, ustedes/ellos/ellas rÃƒ en. Words Related to ReÃƒ r Among the Spanish words related to or derived from reÃƒ r: la risa - laugh (noun), laughterrisible - laughablerisiÃƒ ³n - mockery, ridicule (noun)la risita - chuckle (noun)el riso - chuckle (noun; word used in limited areas)la risotada - guffawsonreÃƒ r - to smilesonriente - smiling (adjective)la sonrisa - smile (noun) Among the few English words etymologically related to reÃƒ r are derision and risible. All these words come from the LatinÃ‚ ridÃ„â€œre, which meant to laugh. Phrases Using ReÃƒ r or ReÃƒ rse Here are four common expressions that use these verbs, most often reÃƒ rse. Translations other than those given here can be used: reÃƒ rse a carcajadas - to laugh ones head off, to laugh ones tail off, to roar with laughter, etc. (A carcajada is a loud laugh or a guffaw.) - Nos reÃƒ amos a carcajadas de las cosas que decÃƒ a el cÃƒ ³mico. (We roared with laughter at the things the comic said.) A more colloquial way of saying the same thing is reÃƒ r a mandÃƒ bula batiente, literally to laugh with a flapping jaw.reÃƒ rse entre dientes - to chuckle (literally, to laugh between the teeth) - La tenista riÃƒ ³ entre dientes y sacudiÃƒ ³ la cabeza. (The tennis player chuckled and shook her head.)reÃƒ rse hasta el llanto - to laugh until crying - Muchos dÃƒ as nos reÃƒ amos hasta el llanto. (Many days we would laugh to the point of crying.)reÃƒ rse para adentro - to laugh on the inside - Me rÃƒ o para adentro cuando recuerdo lo que escribiÃƒ ³. (I laugh on the inside when I remember what she wrote.) Key Takeaways Both reÃƒ r and its reflexive form, reÃƒ rse, mean to laugh, and they are often interchangeable with little to no change in meaning.The reflexive form reÃƒ rse is used in the phrase reÃƒ rse de, meaning to laugh at, while the simple form reÃƒ r is used in the phrase hacer reÃƒ r, meaning to cause to laugh.ReÃƒ r and reÃƒ rse are conjugated regularly in terms of pronunciation, but a written accent is often needed to maintain that pronunciation.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Assignment about ethics 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About ethics 5 - Assignment Example The bank was unable to garner sufficient funds from its retail arm through deposits to show sufficient growth on the balance sheet. As a result, the Northern Rock started depending on easily available short-term wholesale market funds to boost its growth. Northern Rock started issuing and selling notes that offered the buyer the right on the capital of the loan portfolio. New loans were bundled and the prevalent accounts were sold through asset-supported securities (Liikanen, 2012). Nothing happened all of a sudden, as by 1995 the worth of capital with the bank had begun deteriorating sharply. In 2005, debt of lower value released in 2001 was equalled to equity. It reduced the margins over the debt value greatly. The bank was not getting better margins from traditional market but it could not control the tightly defined leverage from bursting to a factor of 90 and more (Liikanen, 2012). The Northern Rock announced insolvency on September 13, 2007, asking help from the Bank of England (BoE). Immediate effect of this declaration happened on the bank retail segment customers who had deposited money in various personal accounts. These account holders had lost faith in the capability of the bank to pay back their deposits and the very next day there were long lines of customers in all branches of the Northern Rock to withdraw their funds from the bank. ... Bankruptcy of Northern Rock was due to stepping back from their credit lines by the institutional short-term investors of the Northern Rock. Before the announcement of insolvency, withdrawing back of the short-term institutional investors was a grave issue for the bank before 14 September. The real set back to the bank was faced in the wholesale market when the news broke out that the Northern Rock was arranging money largely from the short-term wholesale funding, which it settled at the time of credit maturity (Liikanen, 2012). Inter-banking problem of Northern Rock and other financial organizations largely stemmed from the deficiency of trust among banks and the inter-banking market. Generally, inter-banking market is always brimming with funds across the world but liquidity just vanished from the market. Retail depositorsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ rushing to the bank branches for withdrawing money happened at a time when crisis at the Northern Rock had occurred. Amazing thing was that during the di fficult time of cash shortage crisis, the retail segment of the bank business was shown as the major revenue stream of the Northern Rock. In the end with the huge downward plunge in the share price of Northern Rock from ?12.50 in January 2007 to below ?1 at close of the year 2007, the bank was taken over on 17 February 2008 (Liikanen, 2012). The crisis of the Northern Rock was managed with the financial aid given to it by the Bank of England. After nationalization, all its debts and losses were borne by the government. Certain clarity emerges behind the cause of crisis or failure of the Northern Rock, which is significant to mention to remove ambiguity over its failure. The Northern Rock banking business model failed not because of its borrowers, nor a long line of customers waiting

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Your task is to develop a model which could be used to inform an Essay

Your task is to develop a model which could be used to inform an economic evaluation - Essay Example It can be seen that the maximum amount of money is spend on the diagnostic procedure- echocardiogram. Around 142.16 $ is spend for this. Then the model included other primary evaluations in health care for the particular disease as ECG, TFT, INR, FBC, coagulation studies and medication. The total cost incurred for the primary visit is 418. 08. There have been reviews on the increased cost of ECG on adolescents and neonates. It is estimated that cost effectiveness was at peak between [,000 in 14 year olds and $ 204000 in screening done in 8 year children for the life saved per year. (Saul, Samuel & Gidding 2014). Both warfarin and aspirin are anti-coagulants, which are administered to prevent the clot formation in the blood vessels of heart, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases. Warfarin and aspirin were administered in patients at risk of developing heart problems. Risk category included obese patients, patients with diabetes mellitus. It may seen that, the cost spent for visit of general practitioner without the administration of any medication and with the prescription of aspirin was the same (552,992 $). The cost spent for speciality visit was same for all three categories. The use of diagnostic procedures like ECG and Echocardiogram spent the same amount. The amount of money spent on TFT is same for all the three categories. No amount of money was additionally spent on INR, FBC, and coagulation studies on the administration of aspirin and warfarin. When the total cost was estimated along with the administration of medication and frequency of use, less amount of money was spent when aspirin was used for prevention. After deploying this model for three years, the end result was found use of aspirin prevented the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in comparison with administration of warfarin and without any intervention. This indicates that this model may be used in the prevention of

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Camera Never Lies Essay Example for Free

The Camera Never Lies Essay It is usually thought that photographs are a little slice of the real world. Traditionally, they have played the rule of adding realism to written text. The text becomes a commentary of the frozen shot of real life encapsulated in the photograph. However it could be argued that this is not the case. There are several aspects of the photographic image, which make it less than real. These aspects all have different ways of showing that cameras arent always correctly right. Even simple pictures can represent a number of qualities. It is possible to understand a number of different meanings from one picture, this is called decoding. For instance visual images can be false by editing and cropping detail out of the photographs/pictures. This process changes the frame and can sometimes exclude main or minor parts of the picture. These missing images occasionally can back up the authors article and help the audience understand the meaning. Cropping occurs in the media to suit the audience and to express the opinions of the writer. We can also argue photographs can distort the truth by the selection of the picture. The illustration always is chosen for a particular event or story, but the final image is selected from a wide range of material. This allows the author flexibility, in choosing the correct image for his motive in his text. Sometimes the pictures arent always appropriate, but have certain ways of backing up the article. As the photographs only show one aspect of the situation, the image could always be unrepresentative and tell many different stories from the single picture. These images often make statements about the link between what is being displayed in the photograph and the type of person viewing the article. The picture can be misleading a bare no relation to the text. This is a good example of poor selection of photographic material. All photographs are not reality, but iconic signs. Iconic sings are a way of demonstrating a particular subject. When we observe a photograph in print, it is only a symbol not the real image as we see in real life. All pictures have captions describing the image; the captions anchor the meaning of a photograph which offers a clear preferred reading. The text of the article also performs and shows this function. A photograph alone without a caption can be interpreted in various ways. As well as having iconic meaning, photos make meaning and signify because of the associations we have with the image. Denotation is the simple literal meaning of all the images viewed in the picture, basically defining the illustration. On the other hand connation is the associations we have with the sketch. These associations are viewed in many different ways and automatically display and imply numerous opinions on certain situations. The top photograph (Fig.1) shows Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness leaders of Shin Fane situated outside a conference surrounded by the media. The denotation in this image shows the leaders surrounded by paparzates, divided by some form of barrier. Barbed wire fencing is in the rear of the photograph; this gives the impression of security and restriction. A lot of people are surrounding the leaders, giving the feeling of interest or trouble. The connation of the sketch is basically of immense interest in these powerful Shin Fane leaders. With the photograph being taken so far away from the incident its hard for individuals to be identified and described. This particular photo was probably selected for this quality, to show the mass interest. The barrier shows disgrace for Shin Fane, with the leaders being barred from the conference. This specific image is chosen as an example to show the media had interest in Shin Fane. Having no open text it is difficult for the reader to know exactly what is occurring, it would be impossible to guess what the photograph is trying to display. In the photograph (Fig.2) it shows the viewer a close up of Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, behind bars. This gives a dramatic feeling of exclusion and shame. The denotation in this image is easy to identify and describe with the shot being so close and clear. We can view two very well known faces, restricted from going into somewhere with solid bars. The Shin Fane leaders are dressed formally, which gives the impression of the conference being important and themselves being powerful. In the background faded faces can be seen, this can be interpreted in various ways. For example Shin Fane Supporters/Shin Fane Protestors or Paparzates. The connation is one of power and conflict; this particular picture of the leaders gives publicity for their cause. This image has a closer propaganda feeling, and the bars give a feeling of jail and prison, which makes the photo even more dramatic. Its easy to understand what the picture is displaying, even without a caption. The difference between Fig.1 and Fig.2 is that the leaders can be identified easily and not so much is occurring in the image, which makes it easily understandable. In photograph Fig.3 The Mobs Brief Rule, the first impression is that it shows an argument between a protestor being held by police and a West End Shopper. The caption below this endorses this impression. The donation in this image is that there is a riot-taking place, with people being restrained by the Police and non-protestors being caught up in the chaos. In the background we can clearly see the West-End buildings and a telephone box. The connation in this photo is that the male protestor is being restrained presumably for wrongdoing and the by-passer has entered in conversation with him. Without the caption this photograph is simple to follow and gives you a slight understanding of the disorder. Having read the accompanying letter to the editor from the eye-witness (West End Shopper), it is obvious the camera can be misinterpreted and this is an example how the media can use images to achieve a particular purpose. The letter explains exactly what did happen, which was that the shopper was walking down the street in the early evening hearing a group of cheerful poll-tax protestors. With police aligned along the pavements, the lady suddenly saw four of the riot squad police grab a young girl in her late teens for no reason and brutally forced her onto the crowd control railings. The man you view in the image is her boyfriend recklessly trying to reach for her, but being held back by a policeman. The lady is urging the man to calm down or he will be arrested, she is not having an argument with him as your first impressions thought. I looked at the same events reported in two different Sunday papers, to see if they had represented the photographs differently. The subject of these images is the same, but the photographs attached to the article differ. Reports on the Israel Conflict The Sunday Times and The Sunday Express wrote articles on the Israel conflict, each took a different approach on the issue. Both photographs in the papers produce the same sort of meaning just in different ways. The Sunday Times took a conservative attitude to the conflict in as much as the article dealt only with the Israel Conflict. The photograph (Fig.4) alongside the article shows President Bush casually dressed in typical Texan fashion. It was very informal and displayed the idea of him and Tony Blair being chums. In the image Bush and Blair are seen to be united together, which reflects the text in the article. The denotation of the picture shows the two powerful, respected leaders together. Blair supports Bush and pays compliments for the Presidents U-turn on Israel. The connation in this photo implies American society and the United Kingdom have combined together to sort out problems over in the Middle East. The caption on this photo doesnt exactly reflect much of the article, but gives the reader some idea about them uniting and the toughness they will have over in the Middle East. Unlike some images, without any open text this photo could mean a variety of things. The Sunday Express included a similar article, which was more dramatic and combined the two issues of the Israel Conflict along with the possibility of war within Iraq. The photograph (Fig.5) alongside was more formal showing the president handshaking Tony Blair. The image is personally more appropriate than the Sunday Times photo, with the denotation showing the two countries flag in the background and them both being in recognized clothing. This particular photo has been chosen because it is simple with few figures and it portrays a strong meaningful picture for this serious article. The connation implies the same issue as in the other Sunday paper, showing them becoming united. With the handshake and them looking pleased in this image you speculate something respectable has happened. Unlike the other image you have a vague idea of the situation without the open text caption. The next photograph (Fig.6) Im going analyse appeared in the Mirror, alongside articles paying tribute to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mothers funeral. The denotation shows Lady Thatcher and her husband Dennis taking their seats in Westminster Abbey. This image is a good example of misrepresentation as with out the caption the read would have no idea what was happening. The connation in the left picture could imply just grief or Dennis having an accident. Their expressions do not indicate any physical injury. In contrast the photo on the right, gives more idea that Lady Thatcher is the one in pain. With the caption we can tell she is in agony due to Dennis treading on her toes. This article seemed rather out of place, alongside the funeral tributes. After analysing these five different images, I have learnt due to editing and selection photos can misrepresent the truth. The Media producers are constantly competiting with each other to make money. New and exciting ways of representing information/pictures can have impact and ensure success. A good photograph of something can help audiences make sense of a complicated issue. The media uses photographs that will hopefully not date and always support the authors text. Without cropping, selection and photographs being anchored, the images would put across a more truthful statement. As can be seen from my examples, the camera can distort the truth or even lie.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

How To Build Your Own Computer :: Process Essays

Before you start you will need to check if u need all of your pieces together and parts. Then you need to check if you have the right size case for your mother board. The find a bare floor to work on its the best place. Then download latest drivers for your pc so you cannot have headahces later on. Now you are ready to install your motherboard. Lay your case on it's side for installing the motherboard. If your case has a removable motherboard plate then take it out to install the motherboard on it. Match up the motherboard mounting hole with the case or plate. Now use the standoffs and install them to the case or plate where the holes lined up. Then use the screws and screw the motherboard down to the standoffs. Some case use plastic standoffs. These usually have pointed ends you push up through the back of the motherboard and then slide the flat head into the case or plate. Make sure that the motherboard is not touching the case or plate on the back of the motherboard. Now install the plate if your case came with the removable one. Make sure your motherboard is tight but not too tight as to cause it to crack.Next connect the power to the motherboard. If you have an AT motherboard it will use 2 large 6 wire plugs. The black wires have to be together in the middle or you will fry your motherboard and believe me it has happened a lot. They will be hard to install but they will fit just keep trying. The problem is the little tabs placed on 1 side of them. If you have a ATX motherboard then you will have 1 large 20 wire plug. It is made so it can only be installed the right way. If you have a cpu that needs the extra 12 volt hooked to the motherboard then you will need to install it also. It looks different from the other connectors and will install only the right way. You must decide if you want a desktop or tower or one of the new small cases. You will want to allow for expandability unless you are building a small form case. Make sure you get a case that will fit the space where you plan to put it. Make sure the case has at least one intake fan or a place to install one in the front.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Mlb Advanced Media Case Summar

Stephen Sewell MLB Advanced Media Case 1. Major League Baseball has been an industry leader in the digital space for athletic entertainment, thanks to the launch of Baseball Advanced Media (BAM) in 2009. Once the organization took off and grew, it began branching out and offering its content in a variety of channels and platforms. Careful consideration had been given on each of these platforms, but the organization considered itself to be a risk-taker and a first-mover for its industry. Now, with the launch of AppleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s iPad in 2010, BAM was faced with different and complex issues concerning a BAM application for the device.Would they invest the resources to create an app? Would this app be different from existing apps, such as At Bat for the iPhone and iPod touch? How does this addition improve the portfolio of offerings, and does this cannibalize other sources of revenue for BAM? 2. BAM has experienced tremendous growth since its inception, and has come to be known as an indus try leader and overall content delivery model for others to aspire to be. Their content generation leads to increased revenues and partnerships, which leads to more features and options, which leads to more passionate fans and employees, which leads to more innovation.This virtuous cycle has allowed BAM to achieve substantial revenues from its four major sources. The first is their Ticket Sales, which account for 39% of total revenues. Over 30 million tickets were sold online last year (at the time of the case), which is more than a third of the overall baseball attendance. This ticket sale dominance grew substantially with the acquisition of Tickets. com, and a five-year partnership with Stubhub. com. Through these mediums, MLB and BAM removed the uneasiness and uncertainty associated with scalping tickets and created an official secondary market for reselling MLB tickets.When a fan enters the game, the clubs also make a lot of money on things like concessions and merchandise sales . Because of this, Ticket Sales is one of their greatest strengths (key driver), but is also one of the biggest areas that can be seen as a threat. As the content and experience of online and mobile products increases, the desire and willingness to pay for going to the actual stadium decreases. The MLB must work closely BAM to ensure that the two are not in direct competition with each other. The next is their paid-content model, which attributes about 31% to the companyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s overall revenues.This, as discussed later in the paper, has been a great strength for BAM. If they are not constantly pursuing innovative and novel ideas and products, this will become a huge threat. BAM also benefits from Merchandizing and Advertising/Sponsorships, which account for the remaining sources of revenue. A key driver going forward will be to continue partnering and aligning with major players in the industry to not only leverage their content and expertise, but also to subdue any potential comp etitive products from seriously posing a threat to market share. 3. BAM seeks to serve MLB fans of all walks of life.Whether itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s the Cardinals fan that wants to get audio coverage of a game that canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t attend, or the business executive that needs a quick update on how his Twins are doing during a meeting, BAMÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s products seek to address a variety of fan lifestyles. For the die-hard fan that never wants to miss any of the action, MLB. TV gives fans incredible value by being able to watch any game out-of-market at any time, watch up to 4 games at once, or even get a 10-12 minute condensed version. MLB. TV reaches out to the more active fan that seeks to dedicate a large amount of their time to their MLB allegiance.For the fan that is passionate about the sport and/or their favorite team but doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have a large amount of time to sit through 9 innings, there is MLB. com. On this website, fans can view scores, statistics, schedules, standings, get links to ind ividual team pages, buy tickets and merchandise, or get video highlights. The fan that frequents this product can spend on average about 20-30 minutes on the page at a time, but really cannot devote the time that those who utilize MLB. TV can. Next, we have users that frequent the At Bat, who are more of a tech-savvy, on-the-go type of fan.The value BAM users receive from these push notifications, quick highlights and stats, and live audio streams allows for them to access information anywhere, at any time. The fan can always be on top of the latest rumors and trades, even if there schedule is packed. These products also create value for customers that it does not serve. BAM being recognized as one of the best in digital sports content, it puts the pressure on other athletic organizations to pursue similar initiatives. Sports fans of the NFL and NBA are aware of what is happening in the baseball world, and demand similar experiences.Moreover, BAMÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s content delivery and qualit y are well-respected even with those companies not in the sports arena. Companies can model their online and mobile presences after BAM, or can even bring in people for temporary projects to ensure efficiency (like Apple did). 4. BAMÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s paid-content model was initially met with a heavy amount of resistance, both internally and externally. With so much information available all over the web and TV, a lot of people questioned whether people having to pay for information and access would be something that would catch on and hold.It has now taken off, mainly because of the passionate and active fan base. Due to the fact that there are SO many games throughout the regular season, and that each team typically has a strong following, Baseball Advanced Media can afford to up-charge for their information and content. As more and more sources become available, and Ã¢â‚¬Å"genericÃ¢â‚¬ prescriptions for these athletic media sources permeate the scene, the paid-content model will come in to question. As long as BAM, and all of their products, are constantly pursuing ground-breaking and innovative initiatives, the paid-content model can be sustainable.But, to that end, this means that their entrepreneurial push needs to be effective and tactical. They cannot afford to be first movers on products, and then have these products fall flat and keel over. As they continue onward down the media content path, they must continually offer more interactive and unique experiences that do not eat into each otherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s markets and profits. 5. Bowman and the BAM staff must be very careful in approaching this iPad application. Although the app will serve a similar audience, BAM should be cognizant of the different Ã¢â‚¬Å"brand imagesÃ¢â‚¬ each of their offerings in their product portfolio.For example, At Bat allows fans to listen live (audio, even though there are 2 free games per day) to every game, get up-to-the-minute stats, receive push notifications, etc. So, it is safe to assume that the At Bat user is looking for convenience and quick analysis of what is important to them. MLB. TV encounters a similar situation, in that it is primarily utilized for streaming and HD-quality video of all out-of-market games, and that users can view multiple games at once. BAMÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s In-Market Streaming brings with it some great opportunities, but can also severely cannibalize existing ticket sales if not monitored and controlled properly.MLB. com also served as a hub for fans that want to get in-depth information, but arenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t willing to sit through an entire game or TV show. Overall, BAM has an extensive portfolio that has brought them significant revenues and accolades over the past few years. Based on the explosive success of their previous relationships and dealings with Apple, on top of the achievements their At Bat app has had in the iTunes store, there is a lot of room for expansion with the iPad launch.BAM must consider the exact same issues that Apple is currently facing with its new launch: are they truly reaching a Ã¢â‚¬Å"new audienceÃ¢â‚¬ or are they just cannibalizing the revenues of existing products. For example, will Apple lose money on their big money maker, the iPhone, as a result of this new product? BAM faces a similar scenario. There is a tremendous opportunity to be a first-mover on what could be a ground-breaking product. Because of their previous relationship and prior commitment to an application launch, BAM would be wise to invest resources into this new product, even if the iPad is receiving less-than-stellar reviews. . The new iPad app must be easily differentiated from the existing products, and also come with different features as well. Just as there other products seek to do, this app must serve a specific function for its customer. The new iPad app should seek to capitalize on the screen size and capability of the iPad, and truly be INTERACTIVE for the user. This new brand will be a hub for those who wan t to not only watch and follow their teams and players, but also participate in the journey.To do this, first and foremost, the new app must be given a new name. Although BAM could stand to leverage the already-popular brand for the purpose of the new launch, there are a few reasons why they should go with a different brand name. Customers will automatically assume that the products are the same (both specifically made for Apple products, therefore assuming the features and specs are identical). Therefore, BAM should go with a name that vividly describes the interactive user experience, such as MLB Experience or Home Field Advantage.Setting the stage early in terms of its name will truly help to set this product apart from the rest. With that, there should be a different price charged for this new iPad application. For the same reason that a similar name would confuse users, the new product should be a tad bit pricier (not terribly higher than the iPhone application, but enough to d emonstrate the full value of its features). Since the price of this application would be directly compared to At Bat, I would suggest putting the price in the $20-$25 range for the length of the season.Finally, the features need to encompass some of what At Bat does, but then bring the user experience to an entirely new level. Users will be exposed to live video with superimposed stats, live fantasy updates right on the screen, unique statistics (for instance, how well does this hitter do with two outs and runners in scoring position), and other pre-game and post-game interviews, To further differentiate between the existing products, the iPad application should not just offer two free games per day.Instead, they should have an Ã¢â‚¬Å"introductory demo packageÃ¢â‚¬ that will give users 1 month of free usage, which is a one-time offer. This will allow MLB fans to see all the perks associated with the app, and essentially become hooked with 100 games left to go in the regular season . Following the initial trial package, they can allow for one or two free games per week, to allow those who havenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t experienced the app. This will avoid the criticism and the dilemma that the At Bat is facing by trying to reduce the amount of free games offered.Furthermore, the iPad application can sell individual games in an a-la-carte type of menu, but only if those games are at a higher price than At Bat. Since fans will be receiving a higher-quality experience with more features, the price per game should be $1. 49, and fans will be able to access this individual game at any time. By maintaining a separate brand for the iPad app, the company can encourage users and fans to purchase multiple products, which will ultimately prevent cannibalization of revenues. It will require more of a marketing push, but BAM can leverage other sources to aid in this effort.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Higher Education Essay

The report is based on information and impressions which the delegation obtained during the study tour. Information was also gathered from sources such as the websites of the organisations and institutions visited and from agencies including the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR) in Australia, World Education Services (WES) in the USA, IAU and UNESCO/IAU among others. At several places in the text, sources have been specifically mentioned. An additional list of sources can be found in the appendices. 3 The report describes the system of education in India and the quality assurance system. Chapter 1 introduces the administration of the school system and the organisation of primary, secondary and higher secondary education, while Chapter 2 provides information about technical and vocational education. Chapter 3 outlines the system of higher education by reviewing the institutional structure with a discussion of both public and private education. Information on degree structure and grading systems is included, as well as examples of some bachelor degree programmes. In Chapter 4, teacher training at higher secondary level and at university level is described. Chapter 5 presents IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s response to globalisation in the higher education sector. The last chapter deals with the quality assurance work in education, both at secondary and higher level. Impressions and reflections about the education system and how it functions are incorporated into the report in frames where appropriate. Country Profile India is one of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s oldest civilisations, dating back to 2,500 B. C. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded the country in about 1,500 B. C. ; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursion starting in the eighth century and Turkish in the twelfth century were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late fifteenth century. By the nineteenth century, Great Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru helped end British colonialism through non-violent resistance. India achieved independence in 1947. The Republic of India was established in 1947 and comprises 32 states and Union Territories, the latter controlled by the central government. The country covers about 3. 3 million square kilometres with a population of 1. 029 billion and dominates southern Asia. It is slightly larger than one-third the size of the United States. India is home to 17% of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s total population, accommodated in an area that is 2. 4% of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s total area. India has the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s twelfth largest economy and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China, with a total GDP of around $570 billion. Services, industry and agriculture account for 50. 7%, 26. 6% and 22. 7% of GDP respectively. The United States is IndiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest trading partner. Bilateral trade in 2003 was $18. 1 billion. There are some 16 official major languages and 844 dialects. Among these languages, English enjoys associate status, but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication. Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people. The other official languages are Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit. Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language. Hinduism (80. 5%), Islam (13. 4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikh (1. 9%) are the major religions in the country. The literacy rate is 52% (of the total population of age 15 or older). 4 Chapter 1 General Education Administration of Education The central and the state governments have joint responsibility for education, with freedom for the state governments to organise education within the national framework of education. Educational policy planning is under the overall charge of the central Ministry of Human Resource Development which includes the Department of Elementary Education and Literacy and the Department of Secondary and Higher Education. The Ministry is guided by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) which is the national level advisory body. The education ministers of all the different states are members of the board. The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) (1961) defines the National Frame Curriculum for classes I Ã¢â‚¬â€œ XII. It also functions as a resource centre in the field of school development and teacher education. State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are the principal research and development institutions in all the states. At secondary level, school boards at state level affiliate schools and set examination standards in accordance with the national framework. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) cover all India besides the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). National Policy on General Education Under the national constitution, education was a state matter until 1976. The central government could only provide guidance to the states on policy issues. In 1976 the constitution was amended to include education on the concurrent list. The initial attempts of designing a National Education Policy were made in 1968 but it was only in 1986 that India as a whole had a uniform National Policy on Education. The National Policy on Education 1986, modified in 1992, defines the major goals for elementary education as universal access and enrolment, universal retention of children up to 14 years and substantial improvement in the quality of education. The National Policy of Education of 1992 also aims at vocationalisation of secondary education and greater use of educational technology. The policy has been accompanied by several programmes such as the District Primary Education Program (DPEP) launched in 1994 and the National Campaign for Education for All (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001/2. A proposed bill on the right to education (draft, November 2005) stresses the right of all children from age 6 until their 15th birthday to receive elementary education either in school or non-formal education (NFE). The Indian government is preparing the universalisation of secondary education (USE). The main aim is to provide high quality secondary education to all Indian adolescents up to the age of 16 by 2015, and senior secondary education up to the age of 18 by 2020. 5 Crucial problems in India are teacher absenteeism, noted by UNESCO in 2005; high teacherpupil ratios; and inadequate teaching materials and facilities, particularly in rural areas. At the other end of the scale, children attending urban schools, especially middle and upper class children in private schools, are subjected to extreme competition from a very early age in order to qualify for admission into the best schools. In 1979-80, the Government of India, Department of Education launched a programme of Non-Formal Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 years age group, who cannot join regular schools Ã¢â‚¬â€œ drop-outs, working children, children from areas without easy access to schools etc. The initial focus of the scheme was on ten educationally backward states. Later, it was extended to urban slums, and hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states. Source: Ã¢â‚¬â€œ UNESCO: India, updated August 2003 and Annual Report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (overview). Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Newsletter, October-December 2005, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO. Learning without Burden, NCERT, 1993, reprinted 2004. Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Annual report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (annexes). School Education A uniform structure of school education, the 10+2 system, has been adopted by all the states and Union Territories (UTs) of India following the National Policy on Education of 1986. Elementary school, Class I Ã¢â‚¬â€œ VIII, is recognised as the period of compulsory schooling, with the Constitutional amendment making education a fundamental right. A majority of the states and Union Territories (UTs) have introduced free education in classesI-XII. In states/UTs where education is not free for classes IX and above, the annual fee varies considerably. The pre-school covers two to three years. The elementary stage consists of a primary stage comprising Classes I-V (in some states I-IV), followed by a middle stage of education comprising Classes VI -VIII (in some states V-VIII or VI -VII). The minimum age for admission to Class I of the primary school is generally 5+ or 6+. The secondary stage consists of Classes IX-X (in some states VIII-X), and a senior secondary stage of schooling comprising classes XI-XII in all states. In some states/UTs these classes are attached to universities/colleges. The number of working days of school education in a year is generally more than 200 days in all the states/UTs. Participation in primary and secondary education The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), which indicates the number of children actually enrolled in elementary schools as a proportion of child population in the 6-14 years age group, has increased progressively since 1950-51, rising from 32. 1% to 82. 5% in 2002-03, according to statistics published by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in India. The rate of increase in GER of girls has been higher than that of boys. The dropout rate at the primary level (Classes I-V) declined from 39% in 2001-02 to 34. 9% in 2002-03. However the GER only covers 61% of children from classes VI to VIII. 6 In 2002/3 the dropout rate was estimated at 34. 9% at the end of lower primary classes and 52. 8% at the end of upper primary. The dropout rate was 62. 6% at the end of secondary school (Class X). There are wide disparities among the different states in the number of children completing primary and secondary school from less than 20% to more than 80%, according to the central statistics from the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Source Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Selected Educational Statistics 2002-03. Provisional. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Annual Report 2004/5. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the DepartmentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s website) National Curricula. The National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) formulated the first Curriculum Framework in 1975 as a recommendation to the individual states. NCERT was accorded the responsibility of developing a binding National Curriculum Framework through the National Policy on Education (NPE) (1986). NCERT reviews the curriculum every five years on the basis of consultations within the whole school sector. The core areas of the curriculum are common. Teaching of English is usually compulsory in classes VI-X in most of the states/UTs. NCERT published a New National Curriculum framework in 2005. The New National Curriculum will be introduced in textbooks in three phases: Phase one, 2006-07: classes I, III, VI, IX and XI. Phase two, 2007-08: classes II, IV, VII, X and XII Phase three, 2008-09: classes V and VIII NCERT has gradually been changing the curriculum from traditional information provision to be more learner-oriented and competence-based. National Curriculum Framework 2000 The National Curriculum Framework 2000 operates with the concept of the Minimum Levels of Learning (MLLs) identifying certain essential levels of learning for each stage of school education. Pre-primary education The National Policy on Education defines the objective of early childhood care and education (ECCE) as being the total development of children in the age group 0-6 years. Early Childhood Education (ECE) or pre-primary education (2 years), part of the ECCE, shall prepare children for school. Teaching at this stage, according to the National Curriculum Framework, comprises group activities, playÃ¢â‚¬â€œway techniques, language games, number games and activities directed at promoting socialisation and environmental awareness among children. Formal teaching of subjects and reading and writing are prohibited. However, NCERT strongly criticised the actual pre-school programmes for exposing children to structured formal learning, often in 7 English with tests and homework, in the introductory notes to the new National Curriculum Framework 2005. The competition for the best education starts at a very early age. Newspapers from September 2005 in India report of tremendous pressure on three-year old children being prepared by their parents for nursery interviews and competing with a huge number of other children for places in the most prestigious private pre-schools. The newspapers report on private persons/institutes that offer help to parents in preparing their children for nursery interviews. Other newspapers report the need for psychological support for children having developed speaking difficulties after having been exposed to onerous preparation by their parents for nursery interviews. Primary education At the primary stage, emphasis is on the process of understanding, thinking and internalising. The National Curriculum contains the following subjects: Subject Language(s) Lower primary Classes I-II The mother tongue/regional language. Lower primary Classes III-V The mother tongue/regional language Upper primary Classes VI-VIII Three Languages Ã¢â‚¬â€ the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English All kind of creative activities including the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own creations Essentials of mathematics for every day activities, including geometry Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Art education Mathematics Art of healthy and productive living Woven around the world of the learner Creative education, health and physical education, work education, value inculcation Integrated approach Environmental studies Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Health and physical education Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Science and technology Social sciences Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Work education Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Integrated approach to music, dance, drama, drawing and painting, puppetry, health and physical education, games and sports, yoga and productive work Experiences to help socio- emotional and cultural development with a realistic awareness and perception of phenomena occurring in the environment Games and sports, yoga, NCC and scouting and guiding Key concepts across all the disciplines of science, local and global concerns Social, political and economic situation of India and the world, including Indian cultural heritage. Academic skills social skills and civic competencies Agricultural and technological processes including participation in work situation Source: National Curriculum Framework 2000 8 In all language education programmes, the stress is placed on the ability to use the language in speech and in writing for academic purposes, at the workplace and in society in general. The duration of a class period may be around 40 minutes and, according to NCERT, the school year should be a minimum of 180 days, and Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A primary school should function for five hours a day out of which four hours may be set aside for instruction. For the upper primary and secondary schools, the duration of a school day should be six hours out of which five hours should be kept for instruction and the rest for the other routine activities. Ã¢â‚¬ Secondary education (2 years, grades IX-X) In grades IX-X the scheme of studies should include the following subjects: three languages (the mother tongue/the regional language, a modern Indian language and English), mathematics, science and technology, social sciences, work education, art education, health and physical education. Foreign languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, Arabic, Persian and Spanish may be offered as additional options. The curriculum in mathematics should take into account both the learning requirement of learners who will leave school for working life, and of students who will pursue higher education. According to the NECRT Secondary School Curriculum 2002-2004 (Vol.1, Main Subjects) the suggested number of weekly periods per subject in grade X is as follows: Subject Language I Language II Mathematics Science and technology Social science Work education or pre-vocational education Art education Suggested number of periods in grade X 7 6 7 9 9 3 + 2 to 6 periods outside school hours 2 The boards, however, according to NCERT, often offer limited or no optional courses: two languages (one of which is English), mathematics, science and social sciences are the typical examination subjects. A few boards encourage students to choose an optional course from a range that includes economics, music and cookery. Higher secondary/Senior secondary education (2 years, grades XIÃ¢â‚¬â€œXII) The curriculum at this stage is divided into an academic stream and a vocational stream. Academic stream The objectives of academic courses are to promote problem-solving abilities and convey higher levels of knowledge. The curriculum at this stage comprises foundation courses and elective courses. Foundation courses consist of (i) language and literature, (ii) work education, and (iii) health and physical education, games and sports. The study of language prepares a student to both learn and use language in the classroom, the community and the workplace. The choice of the language to be studied is decided by the learner. Work education includes e. g. developmental projects in a village or city. Generic Vocational Courses (GVC) aim at developing employment-related generic skills regardless of the personsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ occupations. The student should choose three elective courses out of the subjects 9 prescribed by the boards. Elective courses may include bridging courses between the academic and vocational streams. The list of courses may include modern Indian languages, Sanskrit, classical European languages and their literatures, English (academic and specialised), other foreign languages, subjects in the sciences and mathematics, computer science, accountancy, business studies, engineering, political science, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, fine arts and others. NCERT prescribes that courses should be listed together without dividing them into mutually exclusive groups. Nonetheless, several boards restrict the combinations in the form of a Ã¢â‚¬Ëœscience streamÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, Ã¢â‚¬Ëœarts streamÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcommerce streamÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. Some schools tailor their classes to medical and engineering courses. Universities restrict admissions based on the subjects and combinations of courses studied in the +2 stage. Sixty percent of the instructional time is devoted to the instruction of elective subjects and forty percent to the foundation course. Vocational stream The introduction of the vocational stream was recommended by the central Kothari Commission (1964-66). The National Policy on Education, 1986 (revised 1992) set a target of twenty-five percent of higher secondary students in vocational courses by 1995. So far, enrolment is far below this. The courses for the vocational stream consist of: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ A language course Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ A general foundation course Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Health and physical education, and Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Elective vocational courses Vocational education covers areas like agriculture, engineering and technology (including information and communication technology), business and commerce, home science, health and para-medical services and humanities. Language courses are organised to cover the grammatical structures and additional vocabulary particular to the trade or vocation. The general foundation course for the vocational stream comprises general studies, entrepreneurship development, environmental education, rural development and information and communication technology. Vocational electives are organised according to employment opportunities. Practical training is an essential component of the vocational courses, according to the National Curriculum Framework, with seventy percent of time devoted to vocational courses. The certificate issued should mention the competencies acquired and the credits earned. Organisation The organisation of teaching is based either on an annual or semester system. In most cases, a yearÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s course is divided into two parts to be covered in the two halves of an academic session in the annual system. Marks are accorded to a certain number of periods; the total mark is an average of marks accorded to the different parts of curriculum in an annual or semestrial examination (e. g. a paper corresponding to a 3-hour written examination). 10 The example below copied from the Senior School Curriculum 2007 (Central Board of Secondary Education) illustrates a typical curriculum (in history) and the maximum marks accorded to the different parts of the curriculum. History/Class XI Paper One Unit Part A Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Ancient India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 30. Total Introduction Paleolithic Cultures and Beginning of settled Life Harappan Civilization The Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Phase and Iron Age South and North-East India Religious traditions Mahajanapada Mauryas Society, Economy and Culture during Mauryan period Post-Mauryan India The age of India from Guptas and after The Society and Culture in the age of Guptas and Harsha Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Project Work 100 marks 8 4 8 8 5 2 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 8 9 5 2 7 7 Time: 3 Hours Periods 100 Marks Marks. In the semester system, recommended by NCERT, students take a number of credit hours corresponding to their requirements and capacity, and at their own pace. However, only a few institutions have adopted the semester and credit system. National Curriculum Framework 2005 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 points out the need for plurality and flexibility within education while maintaining the standards of education in order to cover a growing variety of children. The Framework recommends that learning shifts away from rote methods and that the curriculum reduces and updates textbooks. Peace education is included as a dimension in education. The new curriculum proposes a broader spectrum of optional subjects, including the revalorisation of vocational options. Courses may be designed to offer optional modules, rather than trying to cover everything and overfilling courses too much. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 also proposes changes within the examination system (examinations for classes X and XII) allowing reasoning and creative abilities to replace memorisation. The children should be able to opt for different levels of attainment. Textbooks 11 Most states have legislated to create bodies for the preparation of syllabi and textbooks. The states have established various mechanisms for the preparation and approval of textual materials. However, a study in 2005, undertaken by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), of textbooks used in government schools (not following the CBSE syllabus) and in nongovernment schools (including social and religious schools) showed that many textbooks reinforce inequalities and neglect rural, tribal or female realities. According to NCERTÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Newsletter, in 2005, CABE proposed the institution of a National Textbook Council to monitor textbooks. Source: Ã¢â‚¬â€œ National Curriculum Framework 2000, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Ã¢â‚¬â€œ National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Newsletter July 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Senior School Curriculum 2007, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India, 2005 Examination and Assessment In all the states and Union Territories, public examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII by the respective State Boards of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Ministry of Human Resource Development has published a list of recognised state boards for secondary and higher secondary education. The minimum age for admittance to the Secondary School Examination generally varies from 14+ to 16+. The minimum age for Higher Secondary School Examinations varies from 16+ to 18+ years. Some states/UTs do not have an age restriction. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), established by a special resolution of the Government of India in 1929, prescribes examination conditions and the conduct of public examinations at the end of Standard X and XII. The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), Delhi, was established in 1958 by the University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate as a self-financing national examination board. The Council conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Standard X) and the Indian School Certificate (Standard XII) examinations. CISCE affiliates schools using English as a medium of instruction. The title of the final qualification varies depending upon the examining body. The titles used by the central examining boards are: CBSE: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ All India Secondary School Certificate (Standard X). Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII). 12 CISCE: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE Standard X). Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Indian School Certificate (ISC Standard XII). Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Certificate of Vocational Education (CVE XII). Information from the procedure of the All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII) (extract): The Board conducts examination in all subjects except General Studies, Work Experience, Physical and Health Education, which will be assessed internally by the schools based on cumulative records of students periodical achievements and progress during the year. In all subjects examined by the Board, a student will be given one paper each carrying 100 marks for 3 hours. However, in subjects requiring practical examination, there will be a theory paper and a practical examination as required in the syllabi and courses. A candidate may offer an additional subject that can be either a language at elective level or another elective subject as prescribed in the Scheme of Studies, subject to the conditions laid down in the Pass Criteria. A candidate will get the Pass Certificate of the Board, if he/she gets a grade higher than E in all subjects of internal assessment unless he/she is exempted. Failing this, result of the external examination will be withheld but not for a period of more than one year. In order to be declared as having passed the examination, a candidate shall obtain a grade higher than E (i. e. at least 33% marks) in all the five subjects of external examination in the main or at the compartmental examinations. The pass marks in each subject of external examination shall be 33%. In case of a subject involving practical work a candidate must obtain 33% marks in theory and 33% marks in practical separately in addition to 33% marks in aggregate in order to qualify in that subject. A candidate failing in two of the five subjects of external examination shall be placed in compartment in those subjects provided he/she qualifies in all the subjects of internal assessment. A candidate who has failed in the examination in the first attempt shall be required, to re-appear in all the subjects at the subsequent annual examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed the Senior School Certificate Examination of the Board may offer an additional subject as a private candidate provided the additional subject is provided in the Scheme of Studies and is offered within six years of passing the examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed an examination of the Board may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subject(s) in the main examination in the succeeding year only; however, a candidate who has passed an examination of the Board under Vocational Scheme may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subject{s) in the main examination in the succeeding year or in the following year provided he/she has not pursued higher studies in the mean time. He /she will appear as private candidate. Candidates who appear for improvement of performance will be issued only Statement of Marks reflecting the marks of the main examination as well as those of the improvement examination. Central Board of Secondary Education Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the three national boards of secondary education in India. CBSE has affiliated around 8,300 schools including government and independent 13 schools. It also affiliates schools in some 20 African and Asian countries. About 200 new schools are affiliated each year. Study teams conduct regular inspections of the affiliated institutions. CBSE has a central office and 6 regional offices. Permanent affiliation is obtained after a number of years. Affiliation is granted according to strict criteria. A list of affiliated schools can be found on CBSEÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ s website: http://www. cbse. nic. in. The major objective is to prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examinations at the end of Classes X and XII and to grant certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools. All affiliated schools follow the national scheme of 10+2. Here is an example of testimonial for All India Senior School Certificate Examination from 2000: CBSE is regulated but not financed by the central government. Financing is assured by fees from the affiliated schools. CBSE accepts private candidates. CBSE develops its curriculum on the basis of the national curriculum framework. The curriculum is revised every 5 to 10 years. Two of the front line curriculum subjects are revised every year. According to CBSE, it strives notably to adapt current teaching methods and content of teaching to an innovative and creative society in the form of subjects such as functional English, bio-technology, entrepreneurship, life skills education, and disaster management. An important objective is the destressing of education, including no homework or examinations in grades I and II and only achievement reports in grades III-V. Information technology is compulsory in grades IX +X. Language studies include a possible 27 different languages besides Hindi and English. One teacher may teach four subjects up to grade X. The board uses the term learner (for student) with emphasis on the learnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s role in learning. Two subjects undergo a performance analysis (marks, questions, learning) each year to cope with poor performance. 14 Examination is monitored and organised to avoid fraud. CBSE issues duplicates of certificates under certain conditions. CBSE also organises in-service training of teachers and special programmes for new principals. Grading Both Standard X and XII are normally marked on a percentage basis. The minimum passmark varies depending upon the subject. According to the UK NARIC, the following marking scheme is used in most states for the Standard XII examinations, in comparison with that used by the central boards. Performance CBSE assessment 85%+, 80-85%, 70- Excellent, Superior, Very A1-A2, B1 80% good 60% Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 70% Good B2 50% Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 60% Satisfactory C1 40% Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 50% Average C2 35% Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 40% Pass D Percentages Source: India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC CISCE One, two, three Four Five Six seven Documents The pass-document is issued by the relevant Board of Secondary Education. It shows the type of programme (academic or vocational), the subjects passed and the marks obtained out of total marks as well as the aggregate marks, percentage obtained, and result as well as the overall grade/division. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) National Institute of Open Schooling (previously known as the National Open School) was established in November 1989 as an autonomous registered society. The institute provides basic programs such as secondary education courses and senior secondary education courses on an open education basis. NIOS conducts examinations twice a year and candidates can appear in one, two or more subjects. Credits are accumulated until the certification criteria are fulfilled. NIOS has at its disposal a network of accredited study centres all over India providing support to learners. Source Ã¢â‚¬â€œ India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC (Website) Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the DepartmentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s website) 15 Islamic Education India also has a system of Islamic education. Several different sects have their own schools where they teach Islamic subjects and Arabic to mainly (but not only) Muslim children.